Osteoarthritis of the knee (gonarthrosis) is the most common cause of chronic knee pain. The essence of the degeneration is the degradation of the articular cartilage, leading to its gradual abrasion until the bone surface is exposed. Gonarthrosis is the result of the combination of biological factors related to the reduced quality of cartilage and mechanical factors related to acute injuries and chronic overload of the knee. Inflammatory factors in the course of systemic diseases are also important.

The degenerative process covers not only the articular cartilage, but later also the subcartilage layer of the bones, the joint capsule and ligaments, leading to deformation and painful limitation of mobility in the knee joint. The result of the disease is impaired gait and reduced quality of life. Treatment is mainly based on the elimination or reduction of risk factors accelerating the degeneration of the knee joint. In the advanced stage of the disease, it is necessary to replace the damaged joint with an artificial knee prosthesis.

Degeneration of the hip joint (coxarthrosis) is the leading cause of hip pain. Osteoarthritis is a chronic process of joint degeneration that results from an imbalance between the destruction and repair processes of joint cartilage. The development of coxarthrosis is determined by many factors, the most important of which are the abnormal anatomical conditions of the joint and mechanical overload of the hip. Degeneration of the hip joint leads to reduced mobility and pain that makes it difficult to walk or change body position. Treatment is mainly focused on relieving hip pain and reducing risk factors that accelerate hip degeneration. In the advanced stage of the disease, it is necessary to replace the damaged hip with an artificial implant (hip arthroplasty).

Fractures within the neck of the femur are classified as intracapsular fractures of the hip joint. These types of fractures carry a very high risk of complications resulting from the extensive trauma and long-term immobilization.

The most common cause of fracture is a fall on a joint. The incidence of fractures among a given sex varies with age. Before the age of 60, hip fractures are more common in men as high-energy injuries. Among people over 60 years of age, hip fractures occur mainly in women, and osteoporosis and osteomalacia are a predisposing factor for this type of fracture. The increase in the incidence of hip fractures over the years is a result of an aging population, more specifically, a decrease in bone mineral density, a decrease in physical activity and an increase in the susceptibility to falls. Additional risk factors include: senile infirmity - impaired eyesight, hearing, muscle atrophy and other comorbidities (e.g. neurological diseases) that further increase the risk of falls in the elderly.

Snapping hip syndrome (SHS), also known as a dancer's hip, is a perceptible leap and friction in the hip joint area during specific movements, most often flexion and extension. It is not a condition related to the dysfunction of the joint itself and the soft tissues surrounding it. A slamming hip is a fairly common condition, affecting around 10% of the population. When there is pain and discomfort in everyday life, one should go to specialists - orthopedic doctors and physiotherapists to choose the appropriate treatment - conservative, i.e. physiotherapy or surgical - arthroscopic, to get rid of unpleasant symptoms.

Sports pubalgia manifests as pain in the groin or the symphysis pubis caused by injury to the abdominal muscles and / or the adductor muscles of the thigh. Injuries most often occur when practicing sports with a large component of changes in the direction of the run, which is why the term "sports" is used. The second name commonly accepted in the media or on the Internet is "sports hernia", although it should be noted that muscle tear does not always lead to a classic hernia, in the course of which internal organs bulge. The diagnosis of sports pubalgia is not easy due to the multitude of pathologies that give symptoms in the groin area. Proper diagnosis enables the implementation of appropriate treatment, which in most cases includes rehabilitation.

A aching shoulder is the most frequently reported problem by patients at the shoulder surgery clinic. Patients most often describe it as pain localized, among others, in the rear part of the shoulder blade or 1/3 of the proximal humerus near the attachment of the distal ("end") of the deltoid muscle. Characteristic is also the intensification of ailments in everyday activities performed with the hand above the head or during physical work, and the radiation of pain both along the limb and to the neck. The most disturbing symptom should be night pain, awakening from sleep after turning over on the sick shoulder.