The ring (cone) of the rotator cuff consists of the tendons of 4 muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subcapular, and subscapular), the distal attachment of which on the head of the humerus resembles a cone. The function of this complex is to attract the head of the humerus to the acetabulum and to centralize it, thus preventing the strong deltoid muscle from pulling. This system ensures a smooth range of motion, unparalleled in other joints. In addition, the function of the rotator cuff muscles is, of course, the generation of shoulder rotating forces (external and internal rotation) and a significant contribution to the stabilization of the shoulder joint.

Snapping Scapula Syndrome (SSS) includes pathologies of the bone structures and soft areas of the scapula, which are manifested by pain, audible crackles, or a feeling of jumping the scapula. Symptoms occur when making shoulder movements and raising the arm above the head. The essence of the disease are structural changes in the scapula itself and the muscles lying between the scapula and the back wall of the chest in the so-called scapulo-costal space. The pathologies associated with the crackling scapula syndrome also include inflammation of the surrounding bursitis, the role of which is to facilitate the sliding of the scapula along the back wall of the chest.

The cause of the disease is a disturbance in the biomechanics of the movement of the scapula and tissue overload due to frequent overhead activities. Diagnostics consists mainly in the functional examination of the brachiocapular complex and the analysis of imaging examinations. Treatment of lighter forms of crackling scapulae includes rehabilitation, the main task of which is to improve the biomechanics of the scapula movement. Structural changes causing tissue conflict and the lack of improvement in spite of conservative treatment attempts are an indication for surgical treatment. The procedure can be performed using the classic open method as well as the less invasive arthroscopic method.

The term "foot drop" refers to a condition in which full active dorsiflexion of the foot is not possible due to paresis or paralysis of the anterior shin muscles. Visible foot drop while walking leads to movement compensations that negatively affect your gait pattern and quality of life. The cause of the foot drop is damage to the peripheral nerve fibers that supply the group of muscles that bend the foot dorsally. The most common trauma to the peroneal nerve or compression of the spinal root occurs in the course of sciatica. Dropping foot can also be a complication of pathologies located in the central nervous system. Treatment depends on the level and degree of damage to the nerve fibers. If there is no hope for the nerve function to return, a surgical procedure involving the transfer of specific muscle tendons is considered.

The most common cause of heel pain is plantar fasciitis. The plantar fascia, also called the heel fascia, is made of fibrous connective tissue and its main task is to passively stabilize the longitudinal arch of the foot. The aponeurosis attaches to the lower part of the calcaneus tumor, runs on the plantar side in three strands (medial, central and lateral) and ends at the phalanges of all of the toes. With each step, the longitudinal arch is lowered and the plantar fascia under tension to absorb the stresses. The aponeurosis, as part of the fascia tape, is also responsible for the transfer of force from the Achilles tendon to the forefoot when the heel is raised and dislodged from the big toe.

Plantar fasciitis causes pain on the plantar side of the heel, making it difficult to walk. It is now believed that the heel spurs visible on X-rays are not the primary cause of heel pain and that their presence is independent of the tendon inflammation. Treatment of plantar fasciitis consists mainly in resting, appropriately targeted rehabilitation and wearing orthopedic insoles that relieve the aponeurosis. Surgery is the last resort and is performed when conservative treatment is unsuccessful.

Sprains are among the most common ankle injuries. The capsular-ligament apparatus of the joint is damaged, and in most cases there are also accompanying damage to the articular cartilage, muscle tendons or ankle fractures. Most often, these damages are so small that they heal spontaneously.

Ankle sprains often occur in athletes practicing sports such as basketball, volleyball, football or gymnastics. An ankle injury can also occur when walking normally, as a result of putting your foot wrongly on uneven ground. In the case of even a harmless-looking ankle sprain, it is worth taking care of proper diagnosis and treatment, because failure to recognize some lesions and the lack of appropriate treatment may result in complications in the future - mainly in the form of the development of instability of the ankle joint and the so-called habitual twisting of the ankle joint, and may eventually lead to accelerated degenerative changes or osteochondral necrosis of the ankle joint.

The structure of the human foot allows it to act as a shock absorber, adjust the shape to the unevenness of the ground, and also provide propulsion thanks to the effective pushing off the toe. Maintaining the health of the feet, including properly functioning vaults, is a prerequisite for efficient walking and running. With each step, the arches of the foot descend to an optimal extent and the heel tilts slightly inward. This inward tilt of the heel is called heel valgus and should be minimal when walking. A slight valgus of the heel and lowering of the arches of the foot under the load of body weight must occur for the foot to act as a shock absorber.

Flat feet means lowering the arches of the foot too much in relation to the norm. This disrupts both the foot's cushioning and propelling function. In addition, flat feet can lead to secondary muscle and joint overload and cause pain. The negative effects of flat feet can be significantly distant in time, so it is worth knowing how to detect and treat flat feet early.